Oscar B. Martin served two-year terms as South Carolina's eighth State Superintendent of Education from 1902 to 1908.

Under his leadership, South Carolina witnessed the enactment of the School Library Act, an act establishing the basis for libraries in all South Carolina public schools; the School Building Act; and the High School Act.

Martin was also a strong advocate of agricultural schools and on-site farms for students. Following his two terms as state superintendent, he moved to Washington, D.C. to work for the United States Department of Agriculture. His most prominent role at the department was director of the Club and Demonstration Work for the South.

Martin attended the Georgia Agricultural College and obtained his A.B. degree from Furman University in 1895. He was also employed as principal of Donalds High School in Abbeville for one year and as principal at Pendleton Street Grading School in Greenville for seven years. He was a member of the Kappa Alpha and the Independent Order of Odd Fellows.

Martin died in 1935.